Hormones influence almost every part of our health, from growth, metabolism and energy levels to mood, sleep, reproduction and the body’s response to stress. Although they are produced in very small quantities, these powerful chemical messengers help different organs and body systems communicate with one another.
Understanding hormones and the endocrine system is an important part of anatomy and physiology. It is particularly valuable for people working in beauty, aesthetics, healthcare, wellness and complementary therapies, where hormonal changes may affect the skin, hair, body composition and a person’s overall wellbeing.
Hormones are chemical substances produced by glands within the endocrine system. Once released, they travel through the bloodstream to specific tissues and organs.
Each hormone has its own role, although many work together to maintain balance within the body. Hormones contribute to the regulation of:
- Growth and development
- Metabolism and energy production
- Blood glucose levels
- Fluid balance and blood pressure
- Sleep and mood
- Stress responses
- Sexual development
- Menstrual cycles and reproduction
- Bone, skin and hair health
The body carefully controls how much of each hormone is produced. Producing too much or too little of a particular hormone can affect several body systems and may result in physical or psychological symptoms.
The endocrine system is a network of glands and organs that produce, store and release hormones. It works closely with the nervous system to coordinate essential processes throughout the body.
Some of the principal endocrine glands and organs include the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries and testes
The pituitary gland
The pituitary is a small gland located at the base of the brain. It is sometimes described as the “master gland” because the hormones it produces help control several other endocrine glands.
Pituitary hormones are involved in growth, reproduction, water balance and the regulation of the thyroid and adrenal glands.
The thyroid gland
The thyroid is a butterfly-shaped gland situated at the front of the neck. Its hormones help regulate metabolism—the processes through which the body converts and uses energy.
Thyroid hormones also contribute to growth, development, body temperature and heart function.
The adrenal glands
The adrenal glands sit above the kidneys. They produce several important hormones, including cortisol and adrenaline, which help the body respond to physical and emotional stress.
They also produce hormones involved in blood pressure, metabolism and fluid balance.
The pancreas
The pancreas has both digestive and endocrine functions. Its endocrine cells produce hormones including insulin and glucagon, which work together to regulate blood glucose levels.
The ovaries
The ovaries produce hormones including oestrogen, progesterone and testosterone. These hormones are involved in menstrual cycles, ovulation, fertility, bone health and numerous other functions throughout the body.
The testes
The testes primarily produce testosterone. This hormone contributes to male sexual development, sperm production, bone density, muscle mass and libido.
The body constantly monitors its internal environment and adjusts hormone production when necessary. This process contributes to homeostasis—the maintenance of relatively stable conditions within the body.
Many hormones are regulated through feedback systems. When the level or effect of a hormone reaches a particular point, signals are sent to reduce or increase its production.
This is why the endocrine system cannot be viewed as a collection of completely separate glands. Hormones and glands interact with one another as part of a highly coordinated network.
Hormone levels naturally change throughout life. One of the most significant periods of hormonal change occurs during perimenopause and menopause.
Perimenopause is the transitional period leading up to menopause. During this time, ovarian hormone production can fluctuate and periods may become irregular. Menopause is reached when a person has not had a period for 12 months and is not using hormonal contraception
The transition is associated with changes in hormones including oestrogen and progesterone. These changes can affect numerous tissues because hormone receptors are found throughout the body—not only within the reproductive system
Possible perimenopause and menopause symptoms include:
- Changes to menstrual cycles
- Hot flushes and night sweats
- Sleep disturbances
- Mood changes or anxiety
- Difficulties with memory or concentration
- Headaches or worsening migraines
- Muscle aches and joint discomfort
- Vaginal dryness
- Reduced libido
- Changes to the skin and hair
- Changes in body composition
- Reduced bone density
Experiences vary considerably. Some people have few symptoms, while others experience changes that significantly affect their work, relationships and daily life. The NHS guidance on menopause and perimenopause (https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/menopause-and-perimenopause/what-are-menopause-and-perimenopause/) provides further information and advises speaking to a healthcare professional if symptoms are causing concern
Beauty, aesthetics and wellness professionals are not expected to diagnose endocrine disorders. However, a sound understanding of anatomy, physiology and hormonal changes can support safer, more informed and person-centred practice.
Hormonal changes may influence:
• Skin hydration, sensitivity and barrier function
• Collagen production and skin elasticity
• Hair growth, thinning or loss
• Pigmentation
• Wound healing and recovery
• Fat distribution and muscle mass
• Temperature regulation
• Emotional wellbeing
• Treatment comfort and expectations
This knowledge can help practitioners conduct more meaningful consultations, recognise when treatment expectations may require discussion and understand when referral to an appropriate healthcare professional should be recommended.
Hormones demonstrate how closely connected the body’s systems are. Understanding the endocrine system provides an important foundation for learning about health, disease, ageing, reproduction and the effects of menopause
Our accredited online
Level 3 Anatomy and Physiology course provides a structured introduction to the organisation and function of the human body. The course covers the major body systems, relevant pathology and essential terminology in clear, accessible language
For learners who want to explore hormonal changes during the menopausal transition in greater detail, our online
Menopause Awareness Training course examines perimenopause, menopause and post-menopause. It also explores symptoms and the possible effects of hormonal changes on areas including the skin, bones, cardiovascular system, metabolism and mental wellbeing
Both courses are delivered online and can be studied flexibly at your own pace
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